A number of years in the past, I used to be driving a bunch of vacationers within the state of Oaxaca, in southern Mexico, for an academic mezcal tour. Mezcal is the agave-based spirit produced in Mexico, relationship again between 1500 and 2000 years, in response to the idea of the historical past of distillation that we subscribe to. Throughout our visits to a number of small artisanal distilleries, or palenques, we attended a cooperative positioned within the village of San Baltazar Chichicapam ("Chichicapam"). A dozen males, ladies and youngsters planted agave hearts, known as piñas, in a built-in oven above and round a mound of rocks beneath which had been burning logs. They belonged to the indigenous Zapotec ethnolinguistic group. They work feverishly. My purchasers had been intrigued. Some started to {photograph}, whereas others provided to assist the employees. My purchasers have requested me a plethora of questions on what they had been attending. I defined how the cooperative labored. One is "exclamated" it's a basic instance of permaculture. "
I had heard concerning the phrase permaculture and had a tough thought of what the time period meant. I used to be curious to study extra, so after the tip of the mezcal tour, I went residence and regarded for the phrase on-line. I've discovered extra detailed definitions and explanations, a few of which have positioned the time period in a historic context. Sustainability was one of many recurring themes. I had already written about mezcal and sustainability for fairly a while.
Over the subsequent few days, I started to assume that what my purchasers had discovered was what Permaculture was. I nonetheless didn't perceive the problem of reaching a single definition. This has turn out to be tougher within the context of agave and mezcal manufacturing and implications for the broader neighborhood; it's the tradition. However what I understood from my transient evaluation of the literature is that not solely did these villagers follow permaculture, however the sustainability of the business I used to be writing on was truly an integral a part of the idea.
Within the months that adopted, I struggled with three issues: higher understanding the varied permutations of permaculture; choose case research on mezcal manufacturing and permaculture for a proposed ebook undertaking; and in attempting to persuade a good friend American photographer who is popping each facet of mezcal manufacturing for about 20 years, that it could be in his curiosity to take part on this effort. The corporate has stalled. Nonetheless, since then, it's periodically over the previous three years, I've not solely continued to consider permaculture within the context of mezcal manufacturing, however I've additionally encountered facets of their relationship that I had not but examined, to a adequate diploma. One in all these dimensions is that it will be significant that anybody related to the business pay attention to the potential hostile penalties of not fixing water associated issues. The "mezcal increase" is probably not useful for all at any time. The options lie extra in utilized anthropology than in the way in which I've carried out my educational analysis in current many years. My strategy has been extra to watch, perceive and train; slightly than observe, consider and enhance. I assume it's as a result of I'm a product of social anthropology of the 1970s, shaped to be primarily a college educational.
This text, which can be a pilot undertaking, goals at a complete definition of permaculture utilizing the Chichicapam cooperative as a foundation for understanding the time period within the mezcal business. It discusses different facets of mezcal manufacturing taken from different palenques that would function a foundation for different case research. These illustrate permaculture indices that aren't essentially apparent in Chichicapam. The article tackles in a tangible method solely what I think about to be the principle hazard going through the business, specifically water, by way of sustaining the sustainability and selling the ideas of permaculture.
Three final warnings are:
(1) Many facets of the expansion of agave and its use for the manufacture of mezcal in addition to different merchandise, in addition to for the sustainability of the business, aren't included on this article, primarily as a result of I've already written about them elsewhere. Some, nonetheless, are included, however solely to the extent that they relate to the Chichicapam case research.
(2) This isn't an introduction to the manufacturing of mezcal. In consequence, the reader considering permaculture who has little or no information of Mexico and mezcal could be at an obstacle. Nonetheless, a number of the fundamentals of utilizing agave to provide the spirit, using waste and, after all, the interplay between man and his bodily atmosphere, are scattered all through the research. The corollary is that it's hoped that mezcal aficionados will higher perceive the idea of permaculture and its hyperlinks to mezcal manufacturing.
(3) No footnotes or references are included, particularly for components regarding the definition of permaculture, though a number of sources have been consulted. That is my synthesis of literature, for higher or for worse.
I'll evaluation the operation of the Chichicapam cooperative, then develop a sensible definition of permaculture that may be utilized to the distillery involved, then return to La Palenque and evaluation its operation within the context of the notion that I've of it. of interplay. between artisanal manufacturing of mezcal on the one hand and sustainable agriculture and everlasting tradition on the opposite.
Mezcal manufacturing on the cooperative of San Baltazar Chichicapam, Oaxaca
Fortunato Hernández, his spouse Victoria Martínez, their daughter Estela and their son-in-law Pedro throw pññas on a mound of sizzling rocks constructed on burning tree trunks, all in an open-air oven. The household works on the Palenque cooperative in Chichicapam belonging to Angélica García. The taking part members pay it in mezcal for using the distillery. At first look, and with regard to the functioning of the palenque, it's a collective effort and represents permaculture at its greatest. I doubt that anybody utilizing the power has heard of Permaculture. It doesn't matter, since cultures didn't follow it 1000's of years earlier than the time period coined, and even thought of.
The rocks utilized by Fortunato and his household have already been coated with moist fiber known as bagazo, rejected by the distillation course of now used to isolate the piñas from direct contact with stones. The household is assisted by 4 employed laborers. Different palenque individuals additionally contribute as wanted, though their foremost duties are to hold out their very own mezcal manufacturing operations on the distillery.
Within the inside of the coated a part of the palenque, Alfonso Sánchez works a horse, pushing him to tug a big limestone wheel referred to as tahona on the batch of cooked agave pineapples. he reduce with a machete into items simpler to deal with the day earlier than. As an quantity of agave, recognized domestically as maguey, is crushed, Alfonso hundreds it right into a wheelbarrow, pushes it onto a wood banister and pours it right into a pine slatted fermentation tank known as tina. His spouse arrived along with his sizzling lunch, though it's a little early, since Alfonso should first end the duty to be finished earlier than the warmth of the afternoon makes the horse an excessive amount of grueling in order that it continues past the same old 5 hours of day by day work.
The wheelbarrow is shared with Lázaro Mendoza, one other palenquero working along with his circle of relatives and fellow villagers. They use the three stills or stills concurrently the primary distillation of Lázaro's fermented mash. The fruit of this work, the primary distillation, is just not even known as mezcal, however slightly shishe. There are 4 males working on this group, engaged collectively in several levels of the distillation course of. One in all them throws absolutely fermented fibers into the wheelbarrow, one other fills buckets with the liquid; he's collectively known as tepache. They load a nonetheless. One other stokes the hearth below a second nonetheless, whereas the fourth replaces a bucket filled with shishe positioned below the male finish by an empty container.
The palenque is utilized by 10 to 15 households, all residing in Chichicapam. It was constructed by Pablo García, the late husband of Angelica. He died in a automotive accident eleven years in the past. Earlier than her demise, Angélica was a housewife who raised the 4 kids of the couple. Angelica had been concerned within the manufacturing of mezcal to the identical extent as the opposite Chichicapam wives, no extra. She turned the proprietor after the demise of her husband. Shortly, she started receiving assist from her husband's palenquero associates, with whom she had after all already bought acquainted. She simply gained their respect, which stays sturdy to today. She not wants assist, having discovered the methods of the commerce by means of the sink or the initiation to swimming.
Earlier than the development of the palenque, the custom was to make sure that the artisanal mezcal producers of Chichicapam wouldn't have their very own amenities, which they lease to different homeowners. The producers paid palenque homeowners 25 liters of mezcal for every tepache tina stuffed. A tina ought to produce between 60 and 120 liters of mezcal, relying on the kind of agave handled, the time of harvest, the microclimate through which it's grown and the abilities and information of the palenquero. In consequence, every palenquero was paying a proportion of efficiency of the fitting to make use of the commerce instruments held by others.
Pablo used financial savings and borrowed funds to construct the cooperative in 1996 to scale back his personal manufacturing prices and, simply as importantly, these of his village associates. At first, he didn't cost them for using the palenque. He then began to load two liters per tina. The amount at the moment billed by Angélica is 7.5 liters, however it could fluctuate relying on the standard of the mezcal product (style, proportion of alcohol, kind of agave, and so on.). Everybody can use his palenque. The "regulars" produce a reasonably constant product. With others, there are typically high quality issues, and so it's with these producers greater than with others that the billed quantity typically will increase.
The palenque consists of a protected space housing the three copper stills, ten tinas, the shallow pit used to permit the horses to attract tahona on the baked candy floor agave, and a storage room the place they're positioned. each mezcal and simply detachable components of) are locked inside to forestall theft. Outdoors, there are a number of hectares of land the place there are two ovens. One can maintain as much as 15 tons of piñas and the opposite as much as 12 tons. The biggest is at the moment not used as a result of it requires a number of firewood.
The lands surrounding the palenque are additionally used to briefly retailer the exhausted bagazo, mounds of firewood belonging to totally different palenqueros who're ready their flip to prepare dinner their agave, piñas and sometimes a horse ready to be taken to the coated space for to work. Angelica doesn't present the beast of burden. If a palenquero doesn't have a horse, he rents one for 150 to 200 pesos a day.
Angélica stays proprietor of the bagazo. It's most frequently used as mulch. She transports it by truck to her personal fields of agave or different crops, or sells it to the palenqueros or some other individual considering shopping for it to be used as compost or mulch. She additionally makes use of the bagazo as a part of a soil combine that she locations in small plastic luggage to develop her agave from seed.
When Fortunato, Alfonso, Lázaro and the opposite palenqueros individuals collected their agave, they create it to the palenque and depart it in mounds separated from these of the others. It's uncommon for a palenquero to have sufficient of his agave to fill even the small oven and look forward to the opposite palenqueros to reach with their very own agave. That is the norm. Two, three or 4 palenqueros prepare dinner their agave in the identical oven on the identical time to save lots of on the price of firewood. Whether or not you're making ready 5 or 9 tonnes, the quantity of gas wanted to maintain the oven heat for 5 days stays basically fixed.
The primary to reach on the palenque with agave is allowed to bake; then the second, and so forth. There may be an order to issues. Angelica states that first-comers are the primary to have the fitting to make use of the oven (s). The palenqueros care for the remaining, so far as the order of crushing, fermentation and distillation is worried. There are not often arguments.
Angélica holds a pocket book through which she notes who makes use of what number of tinas. She should due to this fact go frequently to the palenque. She lives six to seven minutes on foot. As soon as the mezcal distilled, the palenqueros go residence with fee. It's at that time that she will be able to pattern to verify the standard is as much as scratch, and cope with any downside dictating a better fee. With its typical producers, it doesn't often take a look at high quality.
Angelica often sells the mezcal that she receives from her residence. She sells frequently to her mother-in-law, who brings her to Oaxaca to promote to her personal common prospects. Angelica doesn't combine the mezcal which is offered to her, however the separate guard. The product of every is slightly totally different, and it isn't crucial to combine batches of the spirit of agave totally different palenqueros.
Chichicapam was based in 1583, a satellite tv for pc neighborhood that has remained from the start an agricultural neighborhood below the sphere of the state capital. The latest figures from the whole census reveal that there are 655 households within the nation with 2,699 residents, with virtually equal numbers of men and women represented (1446 and 1253 respectively). That is an uncommon ratio, with Oaxaca being the second poorest state within the nation, characterised by a big emigration of grownup males by financial necessity.
The ratio of ladies to males in Chichicapam is 1,154. In distinction, in neighboring communities that don't produce mezcal, the ratio is asymmetrical. For instance, in San Marcos Tlapazola, San Bartolome Quialana and San Lucas Quiavini, the ratios are 1.481, 1.34 and 1.318 respectively, with an apparent absence of grownup males within the streets or within the fields close to the villages. It's steered that the Chichicapam figures are a direct results of the palenque cooperative's capability to maintain males within the village, permitting them to earn an affordable residing and work in concord to provide mezcal for his or her profit. mutual, whereas sustaining productive land.
In the direction of a definition of permaculture relevant to the manufacturing of artisanal mezcal
In 1978, the Australians David Holmgren and Invoice Mollison invented for the primary time the phrase permaculture, an idea of design reflecting how nature's methods survive, proceed and prevail. On the time, it was a mixture of the phrases everlasting and agriculture, and referred to the extension of what was noticed in nature, to the way in which people may lead their lives. agricultural. It was a philosophy of design ideas aimed toward preserving the atmosphere and making it viable on an ongoing foundation for human profit by means of rational use of land, crops, nature and nature. 39; water. The bases for the preliminary improvement of this time period by Holmgren and Mollison date again to work beforehand written by Joseph Russell Smith in 1929, Toyohiko Kagawa and Masanobo Fukuoka within the 1930s, PA Yeomans within the 1940s and 1950s, and others like Stewart Model, Ruth Stout and Esther Deans. These treaties centered on the upkeep and sustainability of pure methods by means of human sensitivity and the event of, inter alia, orchards, gardens, landscapes, water provide and distribution, crops and pure agriculture ". Non-human animals have typically been included within the theses.
Then, a decade after the promulgation of the time period by Holmgren and Mollison, Mollison and Reny Mia Slay wrote a extra complete ebook, Introduction to Permaculture. Mollison went on to put in writing Permaculture: Rules and Pathways Past Sustainability. In a short while, the time period started to incorporate and signify, not less than for Mollison, everlasting tradition in addition to agriculture. That's, ideas, philosophies and design methods not just for the profit and upkeep of pure methods, but additionally for human beings as people and members of households and households. communities.
Nonetheless, to today, many authors proceed to put in writing about permaculture with out integrating within the idea the upkeep of excellent well being of our species. I suppose that not less than a part of the motivation is to financially capitalize on the motion to take care of the sustainability of the bodily atmosphere solely by making an allowance for the "how" and discussing phrases reminiscent of organic and pure, in addition to something that's "very delicate". "and protects our land, our vegetation, our animals, our rivers, our lakes and our oceans, however for my part, within the 21st century, one of the best understanding, whether or not we consider the mezcal or not, is to incorporate the human beings within the dialogue as integral components of the entire.If we return to what impressed my purchasers on the Chichicapam cooperative a number of years in the past, it's the integration of human methods and The way in which through which villagers have superior their financial objectives as effectively as potential with out harming the atmosphere has improved it for nature and for themselves.
Within the context of mezcal, agave, the broader atmosphere and human settlement, I recommend that permaculture is, or not less than aspires to be: the complicated and harmonious weaving of what the character can present in a microclimate, with materials items, and human wants / aspirations, in an moral method which, whereas minimizing the hostile results, maintains the entire system whereas making it progress in an optimum, sensible and possible.
Permaculture and cooperative distillery Mezcal in San Baltazar Chichicapam, Oaxaca
Commerce instruments wanted to provide mezcal within the cooperative and, in truth, in most state-owned palenques, are often bought domestically. They perceive:
• Copper stills of about 300 liters made in two workshops positioned within the metropolis of Ocotlán, lower than half an hour drive from Chichicapam (though they are often bought within the state of Michoacán, with a smaller funding). .
• Fermentation tanks product of wooden slats are produced domestically once more.
• Iron instruments used to chop agave fields (that's, machetes) hand-forged in Ocotlán for the reason that 16th century.
• Limestone extracted from quarries close by, essential to the wheels to crush the caramelized agave cooked.
• Stone and gravel to cowl the wheel and the copper nonetheless.
• Clay pots for storing and transporting the mezcal, though lately used glass, plastic and chrome steel.
• Native assortment of rocks for the oven.
• Wooden to feed ovens and stills. The everyday hardwood logs of the stills are reduce in forests a number of hours from Chichicapam or, extra domestically, by palenqueros that depart early within the morning with their donkeys and burros. It can be bought from loggers who cannot get a worth as excessive as a number of seconds with high quality trunks that can be utilized within the lumber business. As well as, for stills, palenqueros can use dried agave leaves, which they pull from the hills and / or scraps from the debarking business, that's to say from the bark with nonetheless hooked up wooden that's reduce from the trunk to provide lengths of wooden. Some model homeowners within the village have launched into reforestation tasks to make sure a steady provide of wooden to feed the kilns.
• Nicely water, though with local weather change, there was a scarcity of water in Chichicapam over the previous two years, of which further particulars, in addition to de-watering, have occurred. different water points, mentioned under.
• Agave grown or harvested within the wild within the surrounding hills. For the previous, there are three predominant technique of copy: the harvesting and transplanting of puppies or hijuelos thrown naturally by the mom plant, the germinating seeds harvested from the stem of the flower referred to as the orote, or by acquiring a naturally self-pollinated or self-pollinated child agave. In Chichicapam, a program has been put in place to make sure that there's sufficient wild agave sooner or later, so the municipality dictates that for each wild agave for which a allow harvest has been granted, two small agaves should be planted. Chichicapam understands that the mezcal increase has the potential to generate financial fortune sooner or later, offered that precautions are taken to make sure a steady provide, for instance wild agave.
• The buildings to retailer the mezcal and components of the copper stills, in addition to the stills, vats and crushing space had been constructed with supplies virtually solely produced domestically, together with clay bricks, tiles and of adobe.
Though not a part of this explicit palace, maybe exceptional for a later undertaking on mezcal and permaculture, about 20 minutes drive are many "ancestral" distilleries that produce in clay pots. The uncooked materials used of their manufacturing comes from the close by city of Atzompa and surrounding areas, the place they're fired. Close to the co-op is a extra conventional palenque that has constructed certainly one of its copper envelopes utilizing an previous dump truck tire.
Nevertheless it was the educational of the human issue that impressed my purchasers as they thought they had been witnessing a dynamic instance of permaculture that I outlined. Listed below are some facets of mezcal manufacturing on the cooperative which might be per the ideas of well being, manufacturing and sustainability of the everlasting cultural facet of our definition:
• The untimely demise of Ms. Garciá's husband may have been catastrophic for her and her 4 kids. However her acceptance and respect, shortly arrived within the village, allowed Ms. García to flourish. Being paid in mezcal slightly than in foreign money allowed him to promote using his palenque with out worrying about being paid. For readers who're sufficiently old to recollect, Mrs. García doesn't have to fret about being approached with "I'll gladly pay you Tuesday for a hamburger as we speak. ". Regardless of the persistent machismo in a lot of Mexico, she managed to succeed not just for herself and her household, but additionally for her village.
• Whatever the quantity of magicy cooked, the quantity of firewood wanted to energy the oven for 5 days is similar. Thus, the financial benefit for palenqueros to mix the agave that they will simply harvest with out drying it as a substitute of ready for ten tons have been amassed, with the magic of others who present their fair proportion of firewood, is exceptional. .
• The palenqueros harmoniously set up this system between them with regard to the order of use of the grinding zone, fermentation tanks and stills.
• Everybody understands the significance of maintaining the storage chamber locked at night time, which negates the chance of theft of mezcal and invaluable copper cash. Chichicapam being a small village with self-government and police providers, belief could be deep.
• Though palenqueros typically interact day laborers, the usual can be, as indicated, to contain household and prolonged members of the family, in addition to different individuals who work independently within the labor market. palenque to intervene correctly.
• Not solely the manpower, but additionally the fabric is shared.
• Three and typically 4 households can work each in Palenque, every attending his personal stage of manufacturing.
• Rural areas of southern Mexico have historically been subjected to the emigration of grownup males to the USA in the hunt for work. That is confirmed by the male / feminine ratios in some villages, as indicated above. However the ratio to Chichicapam is actually 1: 1, an anomaly for the area. Sure, the mezcal increase has generated rather more work for villagers, women and men, however the numbers recommend that this explicit location, largely as a result of clean operating of the cooperative, has been capable of retain a disproportionate proportion of grownup males by in contrast to what's taking place in different cities and villages. And, Chichicapam has extra paved roads and newer car fashions than the encompassing villages, which appears to point largely due to the effectiveness of the cooperative and / or different village actors. The Palenqueros are capable of hold more cash for their very own improvement and that of their villages than the inhabitants of different villages. The federal government supplies subsidies for cement luggage for paving tasks, however households typically need to pay for sand and gravel, and the manpower wanted for paving is made potential by village administration , together with after all the cooperative. The cooperative of Mrs. Garci'a saved palenqueros in Mexico.
The instruments of commerce and the technique of manufacturing (ie the human ingredient) have been illustrated within the context of permaculture, the final ingredient that comes into play in our definition of the time period is the way in which through which artisanal mezcal manufacturing on the Chichicapam cooperative doesn't generate "waste" within the conventional sense of the phrase. In different phrases, within the optimistic, the palenque recycles. Nonetheless, these villagers nonetheless have an extended approach to go on this regard. So maybe we should always have a look at the sector extra broadly, with out making an allowance for the principle defect going through each the cooperative and the hand-made mezcal. often; water.
Mayahuel is the pre-Hispanic goddess of agave. The succulents deserved such reverence as a result of they gave a lot to humanity. It was actually revered. And as we speak, this continues to offer, however much more within the context of mezcal manufacturing:
• For the reason that oven is hermetic, the wooden on the backside of the pit doesn't burn to ashes. It turns into charcoal. The three foremost makes use of of carbonized gas are: for the kitchen of the paenquero household, for resale to different individuals who use it the identical method, as a result of it's bought at a worth a lot decrease than that historically produced charcoal, and as fertilizer for the cultivation of agave and different crops.
• The ashes of the nonetheless are additionally used as fertilizer.
• Le bazazo, c’est-à-dire la fibre de récupération retirée de l’alambic après la première distillation, sert à autre selected qu’à isoler les roches des piñas. Il est utilisé comme compost, paillis, lorsqu'il est mélangé à la terre comme amorce pour les jeunes pousses d'agave et pour la fabrication de briques en pisé pour la building de maisons et d'autres constructions. Il est utilisé pour la fabrication de papier, de bacs à planter (qui peuvent ensuite être placés directement dans le sol lorsque les racines deviennent trop grosses), le remplissage d'ornières et de nids-de-poule dans les chemins de terre et comme substrat pour la tradition commerciale de champignons dans la région de Sierra Norte à Oaxaca.
• Lorsque les pots d'argile se brisent au cours de la manufacturing de mezcal ancestrale, la forme reste souvent intacte, ils sont donc utilisés comme planteurs.
• Les feuilles et le quiote (tige de fleur) laissés sur le sol après la récolte des piñas sont séchés et utilisés principalement comme bois de chauffage par les autres villageois; alimenter des fours pour la fabrication de poterie; des comals pour faire des tortillas; pots pour la cuisson des taupes, salsas, café; et une pléthore d'autres fins. Le quiote, qui peut atteindre 30 pieds, est également utilisé comme matériau de building.
• Les résidus de la deuxième distillation, caractérisés par une faible teneur en alcool, sont utilisés pour le traitement des récipients, en vue de leur utilisation pour le stockage, le transport et la vente de mezcal.
Cependant, l'eau est la query qui n'a pas encore été traitée de manière adéquate. Si ce n’est pas l’élément important, alors c’est certainement l’un des facets les plus importants de la manufacturing de mezcal, à la fois en tant que réfrigérant pour condenseurs et en tant que l’un des deux composants principaux du distillat d’agave.
En raison de l’augmentation spectaculaire de la manufacturing de mezcal, les effluents qui sont souvent simplement rejetés après la distillation initiale et laissés à filtrer dans la nappe phréatique risquent de nuire aux humains en raison de leur composition chimique. Alors que des efforts sont déployés pour résoudre le problème dans la ville voisine de Santiago Matatlán, à travers la conception d'installations de purification, le changement intervient lentement. À la coopérative Chichicapam, pendant la saison sèche, lorsque l'eau est la plus uncommon, elle est parfois réutilisée comme agent de refroidissement pour les condenseurs en serpentin de cuivre. Mais plus généralement, il n’ya pas assez d’eau dans le village, à la fois pour l’ajout à l’agave broyé cuit au 4 dans le processus de fermentation et pour l’utilisation plus générale par les villageois. Le puits de la famille Fortunato Hernández est à sec depuis deux ans.
Contrairement à la distillation du cuivre dans laquelle l’eau dans la cuve contenant le serpentin en cuivre n’a pas besoin d’être remplacée en permanence (une fois par semaine est suffisante mais non optimale), lors des palenques distillant dans l’argile, l’eau doit être remplacée en permanence. Souvent, il est simplement permis de filtrer dans le sol.
Épilogue
Les Palenqueros finiront par se rendre compte qu'ils doivent encore s'adapter pour bénéficier économiquement de la demande accrue de mezcal artisanal. C’est à la fois dans les villes et les villages où l’eau reste abondante, ainsi que dans d’autres régions ayant besoin de plus d’eau. L'eau est loin d'être la seule préoccupation. L'ingéniosité de la situation humaine les a amenés là où ils sont maintenant, grâce à la permaculture vivante. Il y a donc de bonnes raisons de croire que les villageois qui utilisent la coopérative de Chichicapam et les palenqueros ailleurs à Oaxaca continueront de s'attaquer aux problèmes auxquels ils sont confrontés maintenant et à l'avenir. Les exemples ci-dessus ne représentent qu'une fraction du fonctionnement de la permaculture dans l'industrie du mezcal artisanal. Au fur et à mesure de leur adaptation, ces Oaxaca s'attaqueront à tous les problèmes qui se présenteront à leur égard, qu'il s'agisse d'eau ou autre, en faisant progresser l'agriculture permanente et la tradition permanente, c'est-à-dire la permaculture.
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